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走行距離不安症の数学SYSTEM DESIGN JOURNAL(1/4 ページ)

ハイブリッドカーやドローンなど、リチウムイオン(Li-ion)バッテリーを動力源とするものは増え続けています。電池切れや発熱、発火といったリスクへの対処は絶対必要ですが、Li-ionの管理は容易ではなく、数学的な手法が欠かせません。

» 2016年08月29日 13時00分 公開
[Ron Wilson(Editor-in-chief,Altera),MONOist]
印刷する 鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ョ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ォ鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ゥ鬮ッ蜈キ�ス�ケ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ィ鬯ッ�ゥ陝キ�「�ス�ス�ス�「�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ァ鬯ョ�ォ�ス�ー�ス�ス�ス�ス驕カ荵暦スゥ�ク�ス�ソ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ケ鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ョ�ス�ス�ス�ォ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�エ鬯ッ�ョ�ス�ョ髫イ蟷「�ス�カ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�」�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�「�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�スPost シェア -はてなブックマーク

 夜も更けた頃、アパートに住むその学生は異様な匂いを感じて目を覚まします。暗い部屋の中を調べてみると、ルームメイトのホバーボードが燃え上がる炎に包まれているのを目にします。部屋全体へと燃え広がる前にアパートから全員を避難させるまで、ぎりぎりの時間しかありません。

 避難という非情なマラソンの終盤、どこからともなく現れたドローンが急降下してきます。どうやらクローズアップ映像の撮影を狙っているようです。すると、突然傾きながら落下し、2人のランナーに激突してゴールを阻みます。後に残されたのはランナーの軽傷の跡、憤り、そしてドローンの無残な残骸です(図 1)。

photo 図1. リチウムイオンバッテリーの充電状態推定を誤ると、泣きを見るだけでは済まされない

午後の渋滞の中、電気自動車が突然、左側の路肩に寄り始め、トラックと数台の通過車両の行く手を遮ります。すると、そのまま車線の一部を遮る形で止まってしまいます。どの後続車もなんとか衝突を避けて通過していきますが、交通の流れは夕方のラッシュアワーが終わるまで回復しないでしょう。

 これらのシナリオには共通点があります。それは「リチウム」です。玩具から工具、自動車、ジェット旅客機までリチウムイオンバッテリーの利用に広がる中、システム設計者は、厄介な問題に直面せざるを得なくなっています。リチウムイオンバッテリーの管理は容易ではなく、低コストでもなく、しかもかなりのハードウェアリソースを使用し、依然として芸術の筆致を上回る科学のままです。それにもかかわらず、セーフティクリティカルで必須の課題なのです。

非線形

 根本的な問題はリチウムイオンバッテリーの性質にあります。リチウムイオンバッテリーにはグラムおよび立方cmあたりのエネルギー蓄積能力が高い、広範囲の充電レベルに渡って電圧がほぼ一定、再充電が可能、適切に管理すれば長寿命といった利点があります。これらの特性を考えれば、驚くほど多くのアプリケーションに採用されてきたのも当然です。

 しかし、このサクセスストーリーには別の側面があります。最も劇的な特徴は、時として一見妥当な条件下でも異常な高熱を発生させる能力があることです。ホバーボードは発見するコツがあるようですが、条件によってはその熱が爆発や燃焼につながりかねません。

 爆発、火災、傷害が発生するとなれば、バッテリーセルの充電状態を把握する動機として十分です。しかし、ここで思い出されるのは化学の大きな利点1つです。それは、充電範囲の約80%にわたって開回路電圧がほぼ一定ということです。実際、セルが過充電または消耗になる寸前まで、セルの正確な充電量を示すことはできません。

 そのため、システム設計者は、安価でも恐らく不正確な充電状態推定か、はるかに複雑でハードウェアを消費する隠れ状態推定手法かの選択を迫られます。多くのリチウムイオンバッテリー式システムはコスト制約が厳しいものの、システムが大惨事を招く可能性が必ずしもコストに比例するとは限らないことを考えると、設計者はかなり難しい選択を迫られることになります。

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