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環境に与える影響を定量的に評価する「ライフサイクルアセスメント」とは?今こそ知りたい電池のあれこれ(12)(1/3 ページ)

電池やその搭載製品の環境影響を考えるための指標として「LCA」(ライフサイクルアセスメント)という言葉を、最近何かと目にする機会が多くなってきました。LCAと聞いて「製品のライフサイクルで考えたときのCO2排出量の話」といった印象を抱かれる方も少なくないかと思います。しかし、その理解は厳密にいえば不正確です。

» 2022年03月30日 06時00分 公開
印刷する 鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ョ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ォ鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ッ�ス�ス�ス�ゥ鬮ッ蜈キ�ス�ケ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ィ鬯ッ�ゥ陝キ�「�ス�ス�ス�「�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ァ鬯ョ�ォ�ス�ー�ス�ス�ス�ス驕カ荵暦スゥ�ク�ス�ソ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ケ鬯ッ�ッ�ス�ョ�ス�ス�ス�ォ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�エ鬯ッ�ョ�ス�ョ髫イ蟷「�ス�カ�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�」�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�「�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�ス�スPost シェア -はてなブックマーク

 前回、前々回では、電池の「リサイクル」や「リユース」といった環境面に対する取り組みについて解説しました。今回は、そもそも環境に優しいとはどういうことかを考えてみましょう。

 電池やその搭載製品の環境影響を考えるための指標として「LCA」(ライフサイクルアセスメント)という言葉を、最近何かと目にする機会が多くなってきました。

 おそらく電池やEVに関する情報を収集するために本コラムをお読みになっている方の中には、LCAと聞いて「製品のライフサイクルで考えたときのCO2排出量の話」といった印象を抱かれる方も少なくないかと思います。しかし、その理解は厳密にいえば不正確です。

 LCA(ライフサイクルアセスメント)とは、ある製品やサービスについて、資源の採取から製造、使用、廃棄までの一生、いわゆる「ゆりかごから墓場まで」のあらゆる活動が環境にどれだけの影響を与え得るものであるかを「適切」かつ「定量的」に評価するためのものです。つまり、ある製品の一連のライフサイクルにおいて、どれだけの量の資源を環境から採取したのか、どれだけの量の環境負荷物質を排出したのか、といった物質量を定量し、影響度を評価する手法です。

 そのため「製品のライフサイクルで考えたときのCO2排出量」というのは、LCAの考え方でいえば地球温暖化への影響を評価するための一要素に過ぎません。本来、LCAで評価できる環境影響項目は地球温暖化のみならず、資源消費、大気や水質の汚染、オゾン層破壊、生態毒性など多岐にわたります。

 CO2排出量に限定した話をするのであれば「LC-CO2」あるいは「カーボンフットプリント」などの表現をするほうが適切かと思いますが、昨今は地球温暖化問題や脱炭素への関心が非常に高まっているため「LCA=CO2排出量」といった印象が強くなっているように感じます。

そのライフサイクルアセスメントはISO準拠か?

 環境への影響を考えたとき、「ある製品を置き換えることでCO2は削減できるかもしれないが、資源を大量に消費したり、廃棄物が増えたりはしないのか」「そもそも環境に優しい、環境によいとは、どういうことなのか」といった疑問がわきます。それに対して客観的な解を見出すことのできる方法が「LCA」です。

 LCAの基本的な考え方や取り組み方については、ISO(International Organization for Standardization:国際標準化機構)が環境マネジメント規格として規定した「ISO14040」シリーズにてまとめられています。

 Web上ではLCAに関する出所不明な数字が独り歩きしがちですが、その値がISO 14040に準拠して実施された結果であるかというのは信頼性を担保する上で極めて重要です。ISOに準拠していれば、そのLCAの結果は再現可能で全ての条件を満たした信頼性の高いものであると判断できます。

 LCAの分析作業は、図のように「目的および調査範囲の設定」「インベントリ分析」「影響評価」「解釈」の4つの段階に分けられます。これら各項目の概要について整理してみたいと思います。

LCAの分析作業は4つの段階を行ったり来たりしながら進めます[クリックで拡大]
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