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マイコン入力の大敵「チャタリング」の正体今岡通博の俺流!組み込み用語解説(7)(1/2 ページ)

今岡通博氏による、組み込み開発に新しく関わることになった読者に向けた組み込み用語解説の連載コラム。第7回では、電子回路でメカニカルスイッチを用いる際に起こる「チャタリング」の原因と現象について説明する。

» 2024年10月29日 07時00分 公開
[今岡通博MONOist]
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はじめに

 今回の「チャタリング」は地味なテーマですが、知らないととんでもない目に合う可能性があります。実際に、筆者が初めてこの現象に遭遇したときは、悪魔の仕業としか思えませんでした。

 チャタリングは英語では“chattering”と表記します。“chat”と同様の意味合いを持つ“chatter”の動名詞形なのですが、一般的には「おしゃべり」と訳されたりします。最近ではSNSのメッセンジャーでやりとりすることなどもチャットと呼んだりします。かつてのUNIXあるいはLinuxにはチャット用のtalkというコマンドがありました。筆者が最初に就職したDEC(Digital Equipment Corporation)のOSである「VAX/VMS」には、PHONEというチャット用コマンドが用意されていました。いずれも、電子メールよりもカジュアルにコミュニケーションを行うためのツールとして使われていました。業務に必要となる意思伝達を行うツールではなく、どうでもいい「おしゃべり」のために使っていたように記憶しています。

 しかし、このどうでもいいおしゃべりが組み込み機器の中で起こるととても厄介なことになるのです。

⇒連載「今岡通博の俺流!組み込み用語解説」バックナンバー

チャタリングとは

 チャタリングとは、入力デバイスの接点がバタついてオンとオフが短い期間に何度も繰り返す現象です。これは、スイッチの切り替えの瞬間や、あるいは押しボタン系のスイッチであれば押下の瞬間に起こる現象です。主に、図1に示したようなメカニカルなスイッチで発生します。

図1 図1 メカニカルスイッチ[クリックで拡大] 出所:Wikipediaより、ArnoldReinhold, CC BY-SA 3.0 、ウィキメディア・コモンズ経由で

 メカニカルスイッチは、導通性に優れた金属の接点同士が物理的に接触することによりその接点を通して電流が流れます。これらの接点は、どれだけきれいに研磨されていたとしても、表面の微細な凹凸まで除去することはできません。もちろんスイッチメーカーは接点をきれいに仕上げるように努力していると思うのですが、されど接触するわずかな瞬間を捉えると、ほんの短い時間オンとオフがバタつく現象が生じます。これが筆者の言うところの悪魔の仕業、チャタリングなのです。

メカニカルスイッチの典型的な使われ方

 メカニカルスイッチはその昔からさまざまな電気機器で使われてきました。その典型的な使用例を紹介しましょう。図2は、左側にあるAC100Vの電灯線から電源を取り、右側にある電球を点灯させるための回路図です。

図2 図2 AC100Vを電源として白熱電球を点灯させるための回路図

 メカニカルスイッチの一つであるスライドスイッチを介して、右側の電球(白熱電球)をオン/オフできます。スライドスイッチについては、図2でスイッチのノブを左に寄せると左側と中央側の電極の間で導通します。電灯線からの電力は電球まで到達するので、点灯します。一方、スイッチのノブを右側に寄せると中央の電極は右側の電極と導通しますが、右側の電極はどこにもつながっていないので電力は電球まで到達せず消灯します。

 このようなメカニカルスイッチの使い方であれば、チャタリングが発生しても大した支障にはなりません。短時間の電源のオン/オフがあっても、白熱電球は電球の点灯と消灯に対する応答は比較的緩慢なので、一般的な人の目につくことはほとんどありません。また、スイッチによるオンあるいはオフの瞬間多少電球がちらついたとしても、本来の使い方においてはほぼ支障はないでしょう。確かに、スイッチの接点が摩耗したりごみが挟まったりして人の目にもちらつきが気になることもあるかと思いますが、それはそれで対応が必要かもしれません。

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